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Simulations Publications, Inc. (SPI) was an influential American publisher of board wargames and related magazines, particularly its flagship ''Strategy & Tactics'', in the 1970s and early 1980s. It produced an enormous number of games and introduced innovative practices, changing the course of the wargaming hobby in its bid to take control of the hobby away from then-dominant Avalon Hill. SPI ran out of cash in early 1982 when TSR called in a loan secured by SPI's assets. TSR began selling SPI's inventory in 1982, but later acquired the company's trademarks and copyrights in 1983 and continued a form of the operation until 1987. ==History== The company was founded in 1969 by James F. Dunnigan to take over publishing ''Strategy & Tactics'', which had been in financial trouble. However, SPI quickly proved that it was primarily a ''game'' publisher; not only did it produce many regular wargame designs, but starting with SPI's takeover, each issue of ''S&T'' included a complete wargame, comprising a map, rulebook and a sheet of die-cut counters. In SPI's first two or three years, it embarked upon an expensive advertising campaign, including—but not limited to—full page advertisements in ''Scientific American'' magazine. New subscribers received free copies of its most successful game, ''Napoleon At Waterloo''—an "easy to play" pocket-sized game with a foldout map and 78 pieces punched from cardstock. This advertising campaign led to a much larger subscriber base and SPI came to be seen as a serious competitor to Avalon Hill, the company that had founded the board wargaming hobby. While ''S&T'' had started as a wargaming 'fanzine', under SPI it became more of a military history magazine that included a wargame. So in 1972, SPI started ''Moves'' as a house organ that talked about current and future SPI games, including a fair amount of information on SPI's game design process. Like many new wargame companies in the early '70s, early SPI games left a lot to be desired physically. A typical early game came in an envelope with a one-color map and one large folded sheet for the rules. However, SPI quickly set about improving the physical quality of the components with better printing and boxes under the guidance of Art Director Redmond A. Simonsen. In 1973, they introduced a flat plastic box that was molded to be a counter storage tray with a clear cover. The actual cover of the game was a printed sheet that backed the clear plastic. This allowed SPI to produce the boxes in bulk, as they were identical for each game, the printed sheet provided the cover and could be printed with all the other components of the game. This system became the hallmark of SPI games, and was later emulated by Simulations Canada, whose early games utilized a smaller storage tray, with the cover of the rules booklet doubling as the cover sheet. SPI used a unique feedback system, polling the readers of ''S&T'' as to which games they would be interested in seeing (and buying). This market research gave SPI a greater likelihood of developing successful games. Although starting with small to medium size wargames, SPI found an insatiable market, with subscribers clamoring for an ever wider range of wargames, including historical simulations that were daunting in their scope and complexity, such as ''War in the East'', ''War in the Pacific'', ''The Next War'', ''Terrible Swift Sword'' and ''Campaign for North Africa'', each with several maps, thousands of counters and multiple rulebooks. ''Campaign for North Africa'' was an ultra-detailed and virtually unplayable game, covering the entire North African campaign down to the level of individual fighter pilot ratings and supply trucks. At the other end of the spectrum, SPI created a new series of smaller games called 'folio' games, often created in groups of four and sold both individually and together as a "Quadrigame". Each of the four component games included two rules booklets, one with rules common to all four games, and the other with rules exclusive to the individual game; the component games would each cover a different battle from the same war, era, or genre. The scale of the games ranged from the strategic to the operational and down to the tactical level. Three of the more popular games were tactical: ''Sniper!'', ''FireFight'' and ''Air War'', all of which were later reprinted by TSR. SPI started out publishing games on historical subjects, but soon started producing games that were more hypothetical (e.g. ''World War III'', ''Invasion: America''), and a little later, also tackled fantasy and science fiction subjects, such as ''Starforce: Alpha Centauri'' and ''War of the Ring'' (a ''Lord of the Rings'' game), eventually starting a new magazine, ''Ares'' which, like ''S&T'', included a new science fiction or fantasy game in each issue. At this time, the company also attempted to tap into the growing popularity of role-playing games, with ''DragonQuest'' and ''Universe'', responses to ''Dungeons & Dragons'' and ''Traveller'' respectively; the term "Adventure Gaming" also replaced "Wargaming" in company advertising. In an attempt to expand its customer base even further beyond the "hobbyist" core, SPI entered into a much-publicized arrangement with Lorimar Productions to produce the ''Dallas'' role-playing game based on the soap opera ''Dallas'' in 1980. The game proved to be an infamous failure, and Simonsen later remarked that the 80,000 copies printed were 79,999 too many. SPI had shopped for venture capital providers to take advantage of the perceived expansion of the gaming market in the late 1970s. When the expected expansion did not deliver higher profits, only higher sales, the money needed to be returned. First efforts led to discussions with Avalon Hill to merge with or acquire SPI, but that did not materialize, partially due to the increasing losses in cash for SPI thanks to the increases in costs from inflation and the decreases in revenue. AH did purchase five of SPI's titles, which helped with operational costs. However, more money was needed. SPI negotiated a promissory note loan (at the time mentioned as $225,000 but here listed as $400,000 from TSR (the publishers of ''Dungeons & Dragons''). The note was guaranteed by SPI's assets. SPI used the cash to pay their venture capitalists, and were broke but happy. However, less than two weeks later, TSR called in the note. SPI, with no cash available and no options to get the cash, were forced to give over their inventory stock to TSR in early 1982, and were effectively out of business. TSR originally claimed they acquired SPI, but as that would mean they also would be responsible for their debts, quickly changed that statement. Thus, SPI's assets—but not its debts and liabilities—were acquired by TSR in 1983.〔 TSR refused to honor SPI subscriptions and used the "assets, not liabilities" agreement to ignore SPI's debts. This policy alienated many of TSR's potential customers. Avalon Hill hired the majority of ex-SPI staffers to set up Victory Games Incorporated, a wholly owned subsidiary. With the quick collapse of the wargame market in the early 1980s, TSR published fewer and fewer simulation games and eventually all the magazines (except for ''Strategy & Tactics'') were discontinued. Decision Games, a California company, now has the rights to most of the SPI backlist. A number of former SPI games (many of them magazine games originally published in ''Strategy and Tactics'') can be played online using software from HexWar, which licenses the rights from Decision Games.〔http://www.hexwar.com〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Simulation Publications」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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